ΘΟΥΚΥΔΙΔΗΣ (471 - 395 π.Χ.) Ο Θουκυδίδης υπήρξε μέγας ιστορικός. Χωρίς καμιά απολύτως υπερβολή ήταν ο μεγαλύτερος ιστορικός και κριτικός ολόκληρης της αρχαιότητας. Καταγόταν από πλούσια αριστοκρατική οικογένεια και γεννήθηκε στον Αλιμούντα (τον σημερινό Άλιμο του Παλαιού Φαλήρου), πέθανε δε στη πόλη Σκαπτή της Θράκης, σε ηλικία 76 ετών. Είχε βίαιο θάνατο, γιατί τον δολοφόνησαν, επειδή κατηγορήθηκε ότι (σαν στρατηγός των Αθηναίων στην εκστρατεία της Αμφίπολης) δεν πέτυχε να σώσει την πιο πάνω πόλη των Θρακών από τους Σπαρτιάτες του Βρασίδα. Δασκάλους του είχε τον φιλόσοφο Αναξαγόρα και τον ρήτορα Αντιφώντα. Περιηγήθηκε πολλά μέρη, μεταξύ των οποίων την Πελοπόννησο, τη Μακεδονία (όπου τον φιλοξένησε ο βασιλιάς της Αρχέλαος), τη Σικελία, την Ιταλία κ.α. Το βασικό και ως κλασικό θεωρούμενο σύγγραμμα του Θουκυδίδη είναι η περίφημη `Ιστορία του Πελοποννησιακού Πολέμου`, που καλύπτει όχι όλη τη διάρκεια του, αλλά μόνο το διάστημα μεταξύ των ετών 431 και 411 π.Χ. Η όλη αυτή ιστορική συγγραφή συγκροτείται από 8 συνολικά βιβλία. Μετάφραση της ιστορίας του Θουκυδίδη στη νεοελληνική μας γλώσσα εκπόνησε, μεταξύ άλλων, και ο Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος, με πρόλογο του Δημήτρη Κακλαμάνου.
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